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28 September 2021, Volume 28 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Letter

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Index Calculation and Analysis of China’s Pesticide Import and Export During 2011-2020 Shuangyue Shangguan, Xiangming Fang, Yu Chen, Zixuan He, Ruyin Zhou, Mengmeng Qu, Bingwei Cao, Lihui Wu, Xinhe Huang, Houbin Wu 2021, 28(5): 417-421.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (974KB) ( )

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Breeding High-Grain Quality and Blast Resistant Rice Variety Using Combination of Traditional Breeding and Marker-Assisted Selection Zheng Zhou, Liang Sun, Wenbin Hu, Bin Zhou, Shuhua Tao, Shihui Zhang, Yanmei Lü, Zhenghong Zhao, Caiyan Chen 2021, 28(5): 422-426.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (635KB) ( )

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Improved Eating and Cooking Quality of indica Rice Cultivar YK17 via Adenine Base Editing of Wxa Allele of Granule-Bound Starch Synthase I (GBSS I) Binte Monsur Mahmuda, Ni Cao, Xiangjin Wei, Lihong Xie, Guiai Jiao, Shaoqing Tang, Sreenivasulu Nese, Gaoneng Shao, Peisong Hu 2021, 28(5): 427-430.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (565KB) ( )

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Contribution and Prospect of Erect Panicle Type to japonica Super Rice Sibo Chen, Liang Tang, Jian Sun, Quan Xu, Zhengjin Xu, Wenfu Chen 2021, 28(5): 431-441.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (835KB) ( )   Over the past 30 years, super rice played an important role in boosting rice yield. The phenotype of erect panicle (EP) architecture controlled by dense and erect panicle 1 (dep1) is the typical characteristic of super rice, and the phenotype has been used in rice breeding for nearly a century. In this review, the molecular genetic basis of EP phenotype, and mechanism of how dep1 affects rice carbon, nitrogen metabolism and grain quality (grain shape and taste quality) were discussed. In addition, we discussed the possible improvement strategies of rice yield and quality. This review provides a quick overview of the whole process for rice quality formation, as well as suggestions and ideas for future research on rice quality improvement.

Research Paper

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Regulation of OsPR10a Promoter Activity by Phytohormone and Pathogen Stimulation in Rice Ersong Zheng, Xuming Wang, Rumeng Xu, Feibo Yu, Chao Zheng, Yong Yang, Yang Chen, Jianping Chen, Chengqi Yan, Jie Zhou 2021, 28(5): 442-456.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1845KB) ( )   OsPR10a is one of the well known pathogenesis-related genes in rice, and is induced by multiple plant hormones and pathogens. However, the underlying transcriptional regulation mechanisms in response to different signals and their crosstalks are still largely unknown. In order to find new players participated in the activation of OsPR10a, we systematically analyzed the basal expression patterns as well as the expression responses of a 2.5 kb OsPR10a promoter in rice transgenic plants after phytohormone and pathogen stimulations. In agreement with the native gene expression, the OsPR10a promoter can drive glucuronidase (GUS) gene expressing in spots of leaf cells, leaf trichomes, lemmas and paleae, germinating embryos, calli and root tips. The leaf expression of OsPR10a::GUS was dramatically increased upon jasmonic acid (JA) and cytokinin (CK) treatments, or challenges of the pathogen Magnaporthe grisea and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Thus, the OsPR10a promoter reported here can faithfully reflect its native gene expression. The effects of several JA and CK responsive OsWRKY genes on the regulation of OsPR10a promoter were then inspected by luciferase transient expression assay, and the JA inducible OsWRKY10 transcription factor was found as a new positive regulator of OsPR10a. However, the key transcription factors of JA and CK signaling pathways, OsMYC2 and B-type response regulators, were not responsible for the activation of OsPR10a promoter. Our findings provided new insights into the regulation of OsPR10a expression during plant-hormone/pathogen interactions, and the OsPR10a reporter system can be useful to unravel novel regulators from both pathogen and host.

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UvSMEK1, a Suppressor of MEK Null, Regulates Pathogenicity, Conidiation and Conidial Germination in Rice False Smut Fungus Ustilaginoidea virens Junjie Yu, Mina Yu, Tianqiao Song, Huijuan Cao, Mingli Yong, Xiayan Pan, Zhongqiang Qi, Yan Du, Rongsheng Zhang, Xiaole Yin, Dong Liang, Yongfeng Liu 2021, 28(5): 457-465.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (943KB) ( )   Rice false smut, which is caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is an emerging disease of rice spikelets in rice-growing areas worldwide. However, the infection mechanism of U. virens on rice spikelets is still unclear. Here, we characterized a suppressor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase or ERK kinase (MEK) null (UvSMEK1) in U. virens that is conserved among filamentous fungi. Compared with wild type U. virens strain P-1, UvSMEK1 deletion mutants were defective in pathogenicity and conidial germination. In addition, conidiation of UvSMEK1 deletion mutants was significantly reduced on yeast extract tryptone (YT) plates, but increased in YT broth compared with the wild type. Compared with UvSMEK1 expression level during the vegetative mycelia and conidiation stages, UvSMEK1 dramatically increased during infection of rice florets. Surprisingly, the UvSMEK1 deletion mutants exhibited higher tolerance to H2O2 and NaCl. In summary, presented evidence suggested that UvSMEK1 positively regulated pathogenicity, conidial germination and conidiation in YT broth, and negatively regulated conidiation on YT medium and tolerance to oxidative and osmotic stresses. The results enhance our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of pathogenicity of U. virens, and present a potential molecular target for blocking rice infection by U. virens.

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Characterization and Proteomic Analysis of Novel Rice Lesion Mimic Mutant with Enhanced Disease Resistance Yong Yang, Qiujun Lin, Xinyu Chen, Weifang Liang, Yuwen Fu, Zhengjin Xu, Yuanhua Wu, Xuming Wang, Jie Zhou, Chulang Yu, Chengqi Yan, Qiong Mei, Jianping Chen 2021, 28(5): 466-478.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (770KB) ( )   Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) are plants that spontaneously form lesions without pathogen infection or external stimulus and exhibit resistance to pathogens. Here, a rice LMM was created by ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis, named as hpil (hydrogen peroxide induced lesion). Diaminobenzidine and trypan blue staining showed that large amounts of H2O2 were produced and cell death was occurred at and around the parts of lesion mimic in the rice leaves. The phenotype of hpil is controlled by a single recessive gene, localized at a 2 Mb interval on chromosome 2. The data suggested that hpil is a novel LMM with enhanced bacterial and fungal disease resistance, and multiple pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) were up-regulated. The proteomes of leaves at three positions (different degrees of lesion mimic severity) were characterized in hpil compared with its wild type plant. Differentially expressed proteins were detected by two dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and 274 proteins were identified by MALDI TOF/TOFTM. These proteins were related to metabolic process, cellular process and response to stimulus, with mostly down-regulated in hpil leaves. Many of these proteins were related to the Calvin cycle, photosynthetic electron transport chain, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and phosphonates pathways. Some resistance-related proteins including 14-3-3 proteins, OsPR10 and antioxidases such as peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were up-regulated in leaves with lesion mimic. These results provide the foundation for cloning of the target gene and shed light on the mechanism involved in autoimmunity of rice.

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Breeding Novel Short Grain Rice for Tropical Region to Combine Important Agronomical Traits, Biotic Stress Resistance and Cooking Quality in Koshihikari Background Saichompoo Uthomphon, Narumol Possawat, Nakwilai Pawat, Thongyos Peeranut, Nanta Aekchupong, Tippunya Patompong, Ruengphayak Siriphat, Itthisoponkul Teerarat, Bueraheng Niranee, Cheabu Sulaiman, Malumpong Chanate 2021, 28(5): 479-792.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1751KB) ( )   Breeding program strategies to develop novel short grain white rice varieties such as japonica (short grain) that introgress biotic stress resistance and high grain quality have been developed using indica rice (Pin Kaset+4 and Riceberry) for applications in japonica rice (Koshihikari) improvement. Four breeding lines showing promising agronomic performance with short grain and low amylose content (< 20%) were obtained. In addition, sensory testing of these breeding lines showed high scores that similar to Koshihikari. Two promising lines, KP48-1-5 and KP48-1-9, which possessed a combination of four genes resistance to different biotic stresses (Bph3 + TPS + Xa21 + Pi-ta) and four genes for grain quality (GS3 + SSIIa + wxb + badh2), were developed using marker-assisted selection (MAS) with the pedigree method. The current study clearly illustrated the successful use of MAS in combining resistance to multiple biotic stresses while maintaining a high yield potential and preferred grain quality. Moreover, the results indicated that this breeding program, which includes crossing temperate japonica with indica, can create novel short grain rice varieties adapted to a tropical environment, like the japonica type.

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Improvement of Upland Rice Variety by Pyramiding Drought Tolerance QTL with Two Major Blast Resistance Genes for Sustainable Rice Production Balija Vishalakshi, Bangale Umakanth, Ponnuvel Senguttuvel, Makarand Barbadikar Kalyani, Prasad Madamshetty Srinivas, Rao Durbha Sanjeeva, Yadla Hari, Madhav Maganti Sheshu 2021, 28(5): 493-500.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1574KB) ( )   Varalu is an early maturing rice variety widely grown in the rainfed ecosystem preferred for its grain type and cooking quality. However, the yield of Varalu is substantially low since it is being affected by reproductive drought stress along with the blast disease. The genetic improvement of Varalu was done by introgressing a major yield QTL, qDTY12.1, along with two major blast resistance genes i.e. Pi54 and Pi1 through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Both traits were transferred till BC2 generation and intercrossing was followed to pyramid the two traits. Stringent foreground selection was carried out using linked markers as well as peak markers (RM28099, RM28130, RM511 and RM28163) for the targeted QTL (qDTY12.1), RM206 for Pi54 and RM224 for Pi1. Extensive background selection was done using genome-wide SSR markers. Six best lines (MSM-36, MSM-49, MSM-53, MSM-57, MSM-60 and MSM-63) having qDTY12.1 and two blast resistance genes in homozygous condition with recurrent parent genome of 95.0%?96.5% having minimal linkage drag of about 0.1 to 0.7 Mb were identified. These lines showed yield advantage under drought stress as well as irrigated conditions. MSM-36 showed better performance in the national coordinated trials conducted across India, which indicated that improved lines of Varalu expected to replace Varalu and may have an important role in sustaining rice production. The present study demonstrated the successful marker-assisted pyramiding strategy for introgression of genes/QTLs conferring biotic stress resistance and yield under abiotic stress in rice.

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Steam Pretreatment of Rice Hulls to Release Fermentable Saccharides: An Approach to Improve Recovery of (Hemi)Cellulosic Sugars Through Multivariate Design Montipó Sheila, Roslander Christian, Camassola Marli, Galbe Mats, Wallberg Ola 2021, 28(5): 501-510.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (956KB) ( )   The conversion of rice hulls into fermentable saccharides was explored through steam pretreatment employing 2.5% SO2. The interaction between temperature and time was assessed by means of the response surface method to achieve optimum contents of C6-sugars in water-insoluble solids (WIS) and C5-sugars in the liquor. Pretreatment carried out at 218 ºC for 2.3 min released liquor containing 55.4 g/L of sugars (29.1 g/L of xylose). In parallel, the WIS was subjected to enzymatic saccharification using different solid and enzyme loads via an experimental design: assays using 22.0% WIS and 20.0 filter paper units (FPU)/g led to 90.6 g/L of glucose, corresponding to a yield of 86.4% and an overall yield of 72.4%. The data reported are the highest ever found for such raw material, making it attractive to compete with conventional lignocellulosic biomass.

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Root Aeration Promotes Cadmium Accumulation in Rice by Regulating Iron Uptake-Associated System Qina Huang, Yinliang Wu, Guosheng Shao 2021, 28(5): 511-520.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (891KB) ( )   Different cadmium (Cd)-accumulated rice genotypes (Erjiunan 1 and Fupin 36) were used to explore the effect of rice rhizosphere aeration on Cd uptake and accumulation. Aeration in the nutrient solution influenced the agronomic characteristics induced by Cd-stress, such as the increases of rice root length and root vigor, but the reductions of plant height and shoot dry weight. Aeration also alleviated the decreasing effects of Cd stress on antioxidant enzyme activities and soluble protein, malonaldehyde and nicotianamine contents in rice. Moreover, with aeration treatment, the accumulation and bioavailability of metal elements changed significantly, with a Cd increase and an Fe reduction in both rice genotypes. In addition, at the molecular level, aeration upregulated the expression of Fe-inducible genes (such as OsIRT1, OsNRAMP1, OsYSL15 and OsNAS3). Furthermore, as a Cd2+/Fe2+ transporter, the high transcription level of OsNRAMP1 can elevate the Cd uptake and translocation in rice due to the Fe reduction caused by aeration and Cd-exposure, which indicated that OsNRAMP1 might play a crucial role in the effect of aeration on Cd uptake and accumulation.